just a small note on this very cool implementation and write up. you wrote modeling tools and animation stuff has camera that moves around.
i think ultimately, there also the world moves aroun the player and cameras are just a concept to make the frustrum etc (maybe modern tools do it differently, im a little out of date)
Creating 3D scenes with CSS has always been possible[0], but like this project, it's required JavaScript for interactivity.
But there's a lot more CSS features now. While in the past, Turing completeness in CSS required humans to click on checkboxes, now CSS can emulate an entire CPU without JavaScript or requiring user interaction.[1] So I wonder if DOOM could be purely CSS too, in real time.
> Yes, Lyra Rebane build a x86 CPU completely in CSS, but that technique is simply not fast enough for handing the game loop. So the result is something that uses a lot of JavaScript.
I feel obliged to repeat my assertion that this evolution of CSS was inevitable and foreseeable and that the HTML Editorial Review Board should’ve chosen DSSSL in the first place.
Great example as to why people are yearning for CSS in TypeScript. Something as simple as if() only works in Chrome and there's not a good shim story for CSS versus a more complete language, so you end up with this:
> The problem: CSS can compute a number – 0 for visible and 1 for hidden – but you can’t directly use that number to set visibility. There is a new feature coming to CSS that solves this: if(), but right now it only just shipped in Chrome.
> So I used a trick called type grinding. You create a paused animation that toggles visibility between visible and hidden. Then you set the animation-delay based on the computed value to determine which keyframe is used:
> A negative animation delay on a paused animation jumps to that point in the timeline. So a delay of 0s lands in the visible range, and -0.5s lands in the hidden range. It’s a hack, but a functional one. When CSS if() gets wider support, we can replace this with a clean conditional.
```
This feels like one of those “because we can” projects that accidentally reveals where the platform is going.
CSS started as purely declarative styling, but between things like conditionals, math functions, and now these rendering tricks, it’s slowly creeping into “programmable system” territory. Not because it’s the right tool for it, but because browsers are becoming the real runtime. The interesting question isn’t “can Doom run in CSS”, it’s how much logic we’ll keep pushing into layers that were never meant to handle it.
The question is really about where the boundary between presentation (CSS) and interactivity (JavaScript) lies.
For static content like documents the distinction is easy to determine. When you think about applications, widgets, and other interactive elements the line starts to blur.
Before things like flex layout, positioning content with a 100% height was hard, resulting in JavaScript being used for layout and positioning.
Positioning a dropdown menu, tooltip, or other content required JavaScript. Now you can specify the anchor position of the element via CSS properties. Determining which anchor position to use also required JavaScript, but with things like if() can now be done directly in CSS.
Implementing disclosure elements had to be done with a mix of JavaScript and CSS. Now you can use the details/summary elements and CSS to style the open/close states.
Animation effects when opening an element, on hover, etc. such as easing in colour transitions can easily be done in CSS now. Plus, with the reduced motion media query you can gate those effects to that user preference in CSS.
Even better, since everything is well organized, you can add `opacity: 0.7` to `.wall` specifically, and get something that looks almost exactly like how old school wallhacks looked like.
Works smoothly in Firefox. But the default key mapping is busted: fire at Alt means that it opens and closes the menu in Firefox with each press. Also, Alt + left arrow ends the game and goes back in history.
Interestingly, it was more choppy in Chromium.
I could not find a key for moving sideways ("strafing").
Firefox's WebRender is truly a great creation. While Chrome is faster at most things especially involving JS, Firefox puts so much of its rendering on the GPU so moving elements around is incredibly fast.
Strafing is implemented on A and D at least, but having one hand on the arrows to turn and WASD to move is a bizarre mix of modern and original controls
While standalone CSS is not yet Turing complete, I worry about the new attack vector categories opened up by moving it towards that state. Already I believe attackers have a choice to spread the attack payload between CSS, HTML and JavaScript to evade current detectors and analysis at the network borders, and evade CSP's since we're well into undecidability territory, like using CSS attribute selectors if the CSP allows external images or fonts. But I'm far from proficient at web browser red teaming. Is this worry unfounded?
I think it would be too easy to create an uncontrollable cascade of function calls, causing terrible performance. IMO, it's best to keep concerns separated. Perhaps the current JS/DOM interface is a bit cumbersome, but it gets a lot done. What is your reason for merging?
Good question, I personally think that seperating by concerns is good. But when problems arise like boundaries that get crossed or compilers implementing language features into css like Sass, maybe it proves that those things are actually not two concerns but one.
Lately I am using Catch2 (a c++ testing framework) and wanted to benchmark some code. My first instinct was looking for a benchmark framework. But to my surprise Catch2 does also have a benchmarking framework included!.
Most people would argue that a testing framework should not include a benchmarking framework. But using it myself it showed me that both concerns of benchmarking for performance regressions and testing are similar.
Similar enough that I would prefer both of them together.
Most people, me included, are asking: "Should this be split into more?" But seldom, we ask: "Should this be merge into one?"
I was amazed when I first came across CSS scroll snapping. It's great for creating immersive experiences where one part of the page fills the entire screen while native browser scrolling still works.
Yes, and in most cases it's perfectly valid not to interfere with scrolling. The nice thing about CSS scroll snapping is of course that the browser still handles it (instead of it being taken over by JS).
The demo really does not work in Brave. I use vertical scroll snapping on the landing page of one of my projects (enabled for screens with a min width of 768px and a min height of 600px - should work in Brave): https://cybernetic.dev
In 2006, Ars Technica published an April Fool's article[0] declaring that the perennially-forthcoming Duke Nukem Forever would finally see the light of day... as... a browser game! Ho ho, how droll.
In recent years CSS has become closer to a full programming language through experimental features, for example in 2025 they added if statements and some math functions like modulo
I like the declarative nature of it. It makes it so easy to debug anything, with "simple" introspection tools. I feel that many horrors will be created when we introduce control flow to CSS.
And this project kinda show how far you can go, still, if you really want it :D
Couldn't agree more ... Especially how platforms like Stitch 2 are eliminating the barriers for non-technical individuals to actually get pretty decent UI/UX experience ..
> "I used Claude to create an approximate version of the game loop in JavaScript based on the original DOOM source"
This is the real horror here, Uncanny-Valley gameplay Doom. It's like those Doom maps where people tried to recreate the game levels from memory, but still made a few mistakes and got some details wrong. This is like that, but for the gameplay rather than the level layouts. It's different enough to be wrong.
We have Green Armor that sets your armor to 200%. Health Bonuses that reset your health to 100% if you exceeded that number, too bad if you recently collected a Soul Sphere. Switch-activated doors that are supposed to stay open, but instead automatically close, but then the secret wall unexpectedly activates like a manual door.
This is so disingenuous. You literally clipped the full sentence that changes the context significantly.
> "Once I’ve proven to myself that rendering was feasible, I used Claude to create an approximate version of the game loop in JavaScript based on the original DOOM source, which to me is the least interesting part of the project"
This post is about whether you can render Doom in CSS not whether Claude can replicate Doom gameplay. I doubt the author even bothered to give the game loop much QA.
The fact that Claude is killing CSS officially means we need to switch back to IRC or something. AI is a parasite we cannot integrate but only avoid. (P.s. if you work in AI, stop, you are literally destructive to humanity.)
I ran calypso.z3, tristam_island.z3 and a few more Zmachine text adventures under an interpreter created in PostScript.
Also if I want I can cross-compile a static build of Frotz for Linux/Misc and emulate it under a RISC interpreter for Linux syscalls written in... Perl, runable in every modern Perl port out there. Linux/RISC binary under Perl for NetBSD/Vax? Yes. Slow? Not much, it's a text game in the end.
But, as for the ZMachine, you can run text adventures in Android,
Game Boy, Amiga, MSDOS, Windows, Palm PDA's... anything 8bit and up.
Also, damn Sokoban under Eforth written in Subleq, a VM which can just:
- set up a 2^16 RAM size
- single opcode: substract A from B, if less than 0, go to addr in C.
- A < 0? Get ASCII input in B
- B < 0? Put ASCII output in B
- C < 0? End
This, just this, and people wrote Subleq simulators in C, AWK, Python, TCL, FPGA's and whatnot. And it will run Eforth, and that means... you can write a
ZMachine interpreter on it and be really slow if emulated in a Pentium 4 (maybe 3/5 seconds per command with a ZMachine on top of Eforth for Muxleq instead of Subleq), but the game will be playable and a great exercise on Turing completeness.
If a Mandlebrot render under Muxleq+EForth (with no floats used, just integers) is as fast as a C64/Amiga with a native Forth. then having that tiny EForth+Muxleq is not that useless.
Is CSS that awesome? It's still a language designed for styling webpages with 30 year of added features. I'd argue something purpose built would be a much better tool for the potential usecases people try to use CSS for now.
I guess I am asking, if modern CSS is so awesome, it's awesome compared to what exactly?
No doubt the very loudly opinionated not-web-dev community, who have So Much To Say about web devs and web tech, have produced an uncontroversial, perfect layout system, styling system, and language to produce the replacement for this awful web tech. Where is it? What is it? Please provide (the better version of) a hyperlink to the docs.
I think the argument lies in its flexibility and versatility (regardless of it being the most efficient or effective tool for this one particular task).
Duct tape is awesome for the same reason -- even though there are several effective use cases for duct tape where a different tool would technically be "better" for the job.
I am not sure what a purpose-built tool would look like, but the CSS-like language you see in UI frameworks like GTK is tailored for styling actual UI's.
In CSS on the web, just centering a div has historically been a problem. We have flexbox now, but what if CSS was designed with our current needs from the get-go?
just a small note on this very cool implementation and write up. you wrote modeling tools and animation stuff has camera that moves around.
i think ultimately, there also the world moves aroun the player and cameras are just a concept to make the frustrum etc (maybe modern tools do it differently, im a little out of date)
CSS is /the/ spec to look at to understand how awful something designed by committee gets.
In web specs closely rivaled by SVG.
You can pick which one is uglier and you'll be right.
Be honest, did you just reply to the title and the title along even skipping the other comments?
Creating 3D scenes with CSS has always been possible[0], but like this project, it's required JavaScript for interactivity.
But there's a lot more CSS features now. While in the past, Turing completeness in CSS required humans to click on checkboxes, now CSS can emulate an entire CPU without JavaScript or requiring user interaction.[1] So I wonder if DOOM could be purely CSS too, in real time.
[0]: https://keithclark.co.uk/labs/css-fps/ [1]: https://lyra.horse/x86css/
The author links to th CSS x86 project:
> Yes, Lyra Rebane build a x86 CPU completely in CSS, but that technique is simply not fast enough for handing the game loop. So the result is something that uses a lot of JavaScript.
I feel obliged to repeat my assertion that this evolution of CSS was inevitable and foreseeable and that the HTML Editorial Review Board should’ve chosen DSSSL in the first place.
Great example as to why people are yearning for CSS in TypeScript. Something as simple as if() only works in Chrome and there's not a good shim story for CSS versus a more complete language, so you end up with this:
> The problem: CSS can compute a number – 0 for visible and 1 for hidden – but you can’t directly use that number to set visibility. There is a new feature coming to CSS that solves this: if(), but right now it only just shipped in Chrome.
> So I used a trick called type grinding. You create a paused animation that toggles visibility between visible and hidden. Then you set the animation-delay based on the computed value to determine which keyframe is used:
> A negative animation delay on a paused animation jumps to that point in the timeline. So a delay of 0s lands in the visible range, and -0.5s lands in the hidden range. It’s a hack, but a functional one. When CSS if() gets wider support, we can replace this with a clean conditional. ```This feels like one of those “because we can” projects that accidentally reveals where the platform is going.
CSS started as purely declarative styling, but between things like conditionals, math functions, and now these rendering tricks, it’s slowly creeping into “programmable system” territory. Not because it’s the right tool for it, but because browsers are becoming the real runtime. The interesting question isn’t “can Doom run in CSS”, it’s how much logic we’ll keep pushing into layers that were never meant to handle it.
The question is really about where the boundary between presentation (CSS) and interactivity (JavaScript) lies.
For static content like documents the distinction is easy to determine. When you think about applications, widgets, and other interactive elements the line starts to blur.
Before things like flex layout, positioning content with a 100% height was hard, resulting in JavaScript being used for layout and positioning.
Positioning a dropdown menu, tooltip, or other content required JavaScript. Now you can specify the anchor position of the element via CSS properties. Determining which anchor position to use also required JavaScript, but with things like if() can now be done directly in CSS.
Implementing disclosure elements had to be done with a mix of JavaScript and CSS. Now you can use the details/summary elements and CSS to style the open/close states.
Animation effects when opening an element, on hover, etc. such as easing in colour transitions can easily be done in CSS now. Plus, with the reduced motion media query you can gate those effects to that user preference in CSS.
So impressive! Bonus, you can wall hack by just deleting a div ahah
Even better, since everything is well organized, you can add `opacity: 0.7` to `.wall` specifically, and get something that looks almost exactly like how old school wallhacks looked like.
Is that a Doom reference? What’s a wall hack? How did it look?
I mean they literally just told you...
But where can I try it out in my browser?
EDIT: https://cssdoom.wtf/
My phone IMMEDIATELY got toasty as I started moving around the world :')
Never tried Doom on a phone before, this one is surprisingly fluid and very playable.
It works perfectly in Safari on mobile. this never happens.
Works smoothly in Firefox. But the default key mapping is busted: fire at Alt means that it opens and closes the menu in Firefox with each press. Also, Alt + left arrow ends the game and goes back in history.
Interestingly, it was more choppy in Chromium.
I could not find a key for moving sideways ("strafing").
All in all, quite mind-boggling.
> Interestingly, it was more choppy in Chromium.
Firefox's WebRender is truly a great creation. While Chrome is faster at most things especially involving JS, Firefox puts so much of its rendering on the GPU so moving elements around is incredibly fast.
Strafing is implemented on A and D at least, but having one hand on the arrows to turn and WASD to move is a bizarre mix of modern and original controls
There are some new key-trap ApIs that can handle that, IIRC FF don't handle that part as well as Chrome.
Is this a proof of how great CSS is?
Or is it proof that CSS has "jumped the shark", adding in a plethora of features that have no place in a "stylesheet"?
Yeah. I came here to say: "this is awesome, but it's not evidence that css is awesome".
Seriously impressive, especially the viewport culling trick, not seen that one before.
FYI if you want to use inspect element, the viewport div consumes mouse elements, you can get rid of this with
While standalone CSS is not yet Turing complete, I worry about the new attack vector categories opened up by moving it towards that state. Already I believe attackers have a choice to spread the attack payload between CSS, HTML and JavaScript to evade current detectors and analysis at the network borders, and evade CSP's since we're well into undecidability territory, like using CSS attribute selectors if the CSP allows external images or fonts. But I'm far from proficient at web browser red teaming. Is this worry unfounded?
Its incredible how far concepts like CSS can be pushed. But sometimes I wonder what if CSS would be just JavaScript i.e both concept are merged.
Would that be better or worse for webdev? I don't know. But I like to ponder.
I think it would be too easy to create an uncontrollable cascade of function calls, causing terrible performance. IMO, it's best to keep concerns separated. Perhaps the current JS/DOM interface is a bit cumbersome, but it gets a lot done. What is your reason for merging?
> What is your reason for merging?
Good question, I personally think that seperating by concerns is good. But when problems arise like boundaries that get crossed or compilers implementing language features into css like Sass, maybe it proves that those things are actually not two concerns but one.
Lately I am using Catch2 (a c++ testing framework) and wanted to benchmark some code. My first instinct was looking for a benchmark framework. But to my surprise Catch2 does also have a benchmarking framework included!.
Most people would argue that a testing framework should not include a benchmarking framework. But using it myself it showed me that both concerns of benchmarking for performance regressions and testing are similar.
Similar enough that I would prefer both of them together.
Most people, me included, are asking: "Should this be split into more?" But seldom, we ask: "Should this be merge into one?"
With how these things are going, soon hackers will be challenging themselves to run Crysis on calculators and microwaves
I think we're going to get to the point where AI will try to run Doom on humans.
This page could use some "Practical CSS scroll snapping": https://css-tricks.com/practical-css-scroll-snapping/
I was amazed when I first came across CSS scroll snapping. It's great for creating immersive experiences where one part of the page fills the entire screen while native browser scrolling still works.
When done right, I oddly find it immersive too. But know some people aren't fond of scrolling being tampered with.
The post here could really use it though. The main content is pushed to the bottom of the page!
Yes, and in most cases it's perfectly valid not to interfere with scrolling. The nice thing about CSS scroll snapping is of course that the browser still handles it (instead of it being taken over by JS).
The live demo doesn't work in Brave.
The demo really does not work in Brave. I use vertical scroll snapping on the landing page of one of my projects (enabled for screens with a min width of 768px and a min height of 600px - should work in Brave): https://cybernetic.dev
In 2006, Ars Technica published an April Fool's article[0] declaring that the perennially-forthcoming Duke Nukem Forever would finally see the light of day... as... a browser game! Ho ho, how droll.
Crazy to see how far we've come.
[0]: https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2006/04/forever/
Quake Live did come out as a browser NaCl game a year or so later.
It was a traditional plugin (NPAPI), not NaCl (Native Client). Honestly a total gimmick. I still play Quake Live, though!
thats wild that you can still link to a 2006 blogpost. kudos, ars technica.
In recent years CSS has become closer to a full programming language through experimental features, for example in 2025 they added if statements and some math functions like modulo
https://www.simplethread.com/new-and-upcoming-css-features-i...
The only thing missing is the ergonomics of a real programming language.
I like the declarative nature of it. It makes it so easy to debug anything, with "simple" introspection tools. I feel that many horrors will be created when we introduce control flow to CSS.
And this project kinda show how far you can go, still, if you really want it :D
This is great. And Firefox should get kudos too, for running it the best, with fewest workarounds needed.
Couldn't agree more ... Especially how platforms like Stitch 2 are eliminating the barriers for non-technical individuals to actually get pretty decent UI/UX experience ..
> "I used Claude to create an approximate version of the game loop in JavaScript based on the original DOOM source"
This is the real horror here, Uncanny-Valley gameplay Doom. It's like those Doom maps where people tried to recreate the game levels from memory, but still made a few mistakes and got some details wrong. This is like that, but for the gameplay rather than the level layouts. It's different enough to be wrong.
We have Green Armor that sets your armor to 200%. Health Bonuses that reset your health to 100% if you exceeded that number, too bad if you recently collected a Soul Sphere. Switch-activated doors that are supposed to stay open, but instead automatically close, but then the secret wall unexpectedly activates like a manual door.
This is so disingenuous. You literally clipped the full sentence that changes the context significantly.
> "Once I’ve proven to myself that rendering was feasible, I used Claude to create an approximate version of the game loop in JavaScript based on the original DOOM source, which to me is the least interesting part of the project"
This post is about whether you can render Doom in CSS not whether Claude can replicate Doom gameplay. I doubt the author even bothered to give the game loop much QA.
Seriously? Your takeaway from this is bad armor bonus computations?
The fact that CSS has evolved enough to pull off 3D rendering is wild. Makes me wonder where the ceiling actually is.
The fact that Claude is killing CSS officially means we need to switch back to IRC or something. AI is a parasite we cannot integrate but only avoid. (P.s. if you work in AI, stop, you are literally destructive to humanity.)
thats really cool
super playable on ff but I got stuck here https://imgur.com/a/6nXbPY3
It would be really interesting to see this without the texturing applied.
at this point i’m more interested in what _can’t_ run doom.
scared to go check my washing machine display
I ran calypso.z3, tristam_island.z3 and a few more Zmachine text adventures under an interpreter created in PostScript.
Also if I want I can cross-compile a static build of Frotz for Linux/Misc and emulate it under a RISC interpreter for Linux syscalls written in... Perl, runable in every modern Perl port out there. Linux/RISC binary under Perl for NetBSD/Vax? Yes. Slow? Not much, it's a text game in the end.
But, as for the ZMachine, you can run text adventures in Android, Game Boy, Amiga, MSDOS, Windows, Palm PDA's... anything 8bit and up.
Also, damn Sokoban under Eforth written in Subleq, a VM which can just:
- set up a 2^16 RAM size
- single opcode: substract A from B, if less than 0, go to addr in C. - A < 0? Get ASCII input in B - B < 0? Put ASCII output in B - C < 0? End
This, just this, and people wrote Subleq simulators in C, AWK, Python, TCL, FPGA's and whatnot. And it will run Eforth, and that means... you can write a ZMachine interpreter on it and be really slow if emulated in a Pentium 4 (maybe 3/5 seconds per command with a ZMachine on top of Eforth for Muxleq instead of Subleq), but the game will be playable and a great exercise on Turing completeness.
If a Mandlebrot render under Muxleq+EForth (with no floats used, just integers) is as fast as a C64/Amiga with a native Forth. then having that tiny EForth+Muxleq is not that useless.
https://github.com/howerj/muxleq
I LOVE this! You did a bang up job, is the skin change function coming in a future update?
What a master class in linear algebra…
Really cool!
https://freedom.github.io
Use Deutex, GNU make and Pillow for Python to compile.
Then wou will have up-to-date IWADS to be used aywhere. No need to put ID copyrights, just a mention to FreeDoom creators.
The game logic runs in JavaScript
Also: a modern CPU is around 10000x faster than the 486 CPU Doom was designed for. Per core.
this is wild.
itt: web developers continue to get more dumb
Yawn.
[flagged]
Please omit internet tropes on HN. https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
We detached this comment from https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id= and marked it off topic.
[flagged]
I try a simple absolutely layout (all calculated on a server), and helps me a lot. 1) no reflow 2) very few exceptions 3) WAY EASIER FOR LLMs
Is CSS that awesome? It's still a language designed for styling webpages with 30 year of added features. I'd argue something purpose built would be a much better tool for the potential usecases people try to use CSS for now.
I guess I am asking, if modern CSS is so awesome, it's awesome compared to what exactly?
I'm asking the same question!
No doubt the very loudly opinionated not-web-dev community, who have So Much To Say about web devs and web tech, have produced an uncontroversial, perfect layout system, styling system, and language to produce the replacement for this awful web tech. Where is it? What is it? Please provide (the better version of) a hyperlink to the docs.
I think the argument lies in its flexibility and versatility (regardless of it being the most efficient or effective tool for this one particular task).
Duct tape is awesome for the same reason -- even though there are several effective use cases for duct tape where a different tool would technically be "better" for the job.
But you don't choose CSS, it's the only tool in the toolbox. As long as you stick to the Web.
I was writing CSS +20 years ago and it's never been better.
What kind of system would you propose (or do you envision) for applying visual styling to HTML markup in modern web pages today?
You can keep it high level but your comment makes me think you have something in mind, and I'm honestly curious.
I am not sure what a purpose-built tool would look like, but the CSS-like language you see in UI frameworks like GTK is tailored for styling actual UI's.
In CSS on the web, just centering a div has historically been a problem. We have flexbox now, but what if CSS was designed with our current needs from the get-go?
compared to old css, it just keeps getting better
People keep reinventing 'better' styling tools, and we ends up with more bloat and more magic, while static UIs definately stay simpel.