There are also interesting approaches to more directly compress a large document or an entire codebase into a smaller set of tokens without getting the LLM to wing it. For example, Cartridges: <https://hazyresearch.stanford.edu/blog/2025-06-08-cartridges>
They basically get gradient descent to optimize the KV cache while freezing the network.
good overview of the architecture side but worth mentioning there's another axis that stacks on top of all of this: you can quantize the kv cache itself at inference time. in llama.cpp you can run q8 for keys and q4 for values and it cuts cache memory roughly in half again on top of whatever gqa or mla already saves you. i run qwen 70b 4-bit on m2 max 96gb and the kv quant is what actually made longer contexts fit without running out of unified memory. keys need more precision because they drive attention scores but values are way more tolerant of lossy compression, so the asymmetry works out.
Some models really suffer badly from KV quantisation. You can also take a speed hit using dissimilar K and V types.
TurboQuant seems to be the next big thing in context memory usage. Polar coordinates achieving ~5x reduction in memory usage with minimal/no quality loss, and even a slight speedup in some cases.
There are also interesting approaches to more directly compress a large document or an entire codebase into a smaller set of tokens without getting the LLM to wing it. For example, Cartridges: <https://hazyresearch.stanford.edu/blog/2025-06-08-cartridges>
They basically get gradient descent to optimize the KV cache while freezing the network.
Unrelated, but 69KB is how much RAM Voyager 1 has.
Voyager as a token of curiosity
good overview of the architecture side but worth mentioning there's another axis that stacks on top of all of this: you can quantize the kv cache itself at inference time. in llama.cpp you can run q8 for keys and q4 for values and it cuts cache memory roughly in half again on top of whatever gqa or mla already saves you. i run qwen 70b 4-bit on m2 max 96gb and the kv quant is what actually made longer contexts fit without running out of unified memory. keys need more precision because they drive attention scores but values are way more tolerant of lossy compression, so the asymmetry works out.
Some models really suffer badly from KV quantisation. You can also take a speed hit using dissimilar K and V types.
TurboQuant seems to be the next big thing in context memory usage. Polar coordinates achieving ~5x reduction in memory usage with minimal/no quality loss, and even a slight speedup in some cases.