One of the things I'm often curious about is how various BASIC interpreters organize memory for string storage. You'd think there's some way to reclaim memory after an expression involving intermediate strings is finished. But you don't see descriptions for how BASIC works in this regard.
Credit should be given to Digital Equipment Corporation. Back then software isn't what companies made money on, it is hardware. Source code wasn't guarded as a secret as it is today, and you could find print outs in the dumpster [1]. Bill Gates and Paul Allen found the source code of DEC Basic [2] and ported it. (Wikipedia says Microsoft Basic was "inspired by" DEC's PDP-10 BASIC-PLUS.)
The Microsoft BASIC syntax is certainly inspired by DEC BASIC, but the actual implementation is completely different. DEC BASIC compiles the program source code into bytecode, while Microsoft BASIC tokenizes each line as it's entered and then interprets the tokens at runtime. You have to remember that minicomputers had vastly different capabilities from 8-bit microcomputers. Even if Gates did look at the code for DEC BASIC, there's not much there he could have used.
> Gates said: "I'd skip out on athletics and go down to this computer center. We were moving ahead very rapidly: Basic, FORTRAN, LISP, PDP-10 machine language, digging out the operating system listings from the trash and studying those."
Is there more context clarifying this means they studied the source code of DEC Basic?
"The BASIC they did which we got ahold of the BASIC source code and enhanced t quite a bit was great."
Thanks! I think this is still talking about his high school volunteer hacking rather than the MS Basic era. (i.e. doesn't obviously support your "ported it".)
They got the source code of DEC Basic, studied it, "enhanced quite a bit" then wrote their own Basic which is similar to DEC Basic, and you don't think it is a derivative? Ok. It is a derivative in my book.
These two guys* were crazy productive in the 2 months they worked. Just the level of commenting shows how much thought they were able to give it during that span.
I always thought that the floating point routines were the big feature that made Microsoft BASIC a thing (compared with both Radio Shack and Apple integer BASIC). It's interesting reading about Monte Davidoff and also that Gates knew they needed a specialist for this.
Me too. The 4K basic was quite limited in other functionalities (in order to fit into the memory). But that floating point module made it very competitive, although also made the execution slower. IMO Monte Davidoff is underappreciated.
I checked the documentation and looks like even the 4K version supports single precision floating point numbers (32-bit). Not sure how they managed to do it in 8-bit machines but I guess they just had to use more registers/memory for each of them.
2 months to write a working BASIC from scratch in the shared computer environment seems highly unlikely. I think more time would be required and having some source to inspire and guide the design would be a big advantage.
The source code (and original assets) to many video games from as late as the 90s has been lost. The publishing company often deleted it after the game shipped, thinking it just took up space. This is one reason why, for example, there hasn't been a substantive remaster of Final Fantasy VII.
The publishing company often deleted it after the game shipped, thinking it just took up space.
Floppy disks were not cheap, expensive, easy to get, or reliable. It sucked.
Even on the U.S. east coast, I remember having to travel over an hour to get to the nearest store that sold floppy disks. Each BASF FlexyDisk cost $18 in 2026 money. So $50 if you wanted redundant long-term storage of one program.
That's why we printed everything out all the time; especially for archive storage.
…which also turned out to be a bad idea. Just in a different way.
I'd guess that any of these media is sketchy for long-term archival storage.
I've got probably 30 5.25 floppies in my house, and I have a 5.25 drive and an old motherboard that can probably recognize that drive, and I've got the cables to connect the drive to the motherboad (and power supply). I'd guess that there's maybe a 20% chance that, if I spent a week trying to mash it all together I'd be able to get some data off of some of these floppies.
On other magnetic media the chances are between "haha, no" (oh, you've got an old 8 inch 10mb Bernoulli disk?) to 5% (oh, a QIC150 tape).
On the other hand, if I found a stack of moldy greenbar printout of some data, I'd say that most of the data can likely be recovered, and likely for not a tremendous amount of money.
Get a Greaseweazle and that floppy drive will work on any modern computer (macOS, Windows, Linux). I've been backing up floppies from a disorganized retro PC collection I bought, and almost all of them still work.
A company of any size wasn't archiving stuff on freaking floppies. In the 70s and 80s most video games were developed on big iron—PDPs or VAXen, usually, and data from those was archived on paper or mag tape. If you were renting (or stealing) time on one of these, as "Micro-Soft" was in its very early days, then printing stuff out may have been more economical. But major game studios of the day had resources and means of bulk archival that didn't involving buying a bunch of floppies at Lechmere.
You vastly overestimate the budget and abilities of most software houses of the day.
For every Atari or Epyx, there were many dozens of very significant publishers who did their work on consumer-grade hardware.
Except for Atari and less than a handful of others with previous income, none started with PDPs on hand. They had to work up to that.
It's not like today with everything consolidated and full of VC money. Bootstrapping your way to success was de regur, and the playing field was wide open to anyone with a home computer and a little talent.
Gates plays the long game. The man dodged multiple requests over decades to publish this og code that launched MS as a company (pretended he had misplaced the same or forgot to reply or something): only to perfectly time it for a jubilee release.
Why would anyone put themselves through that if they didn't have to? There is the tale of Allen hand coding the bootloader in machine code, but that was because he was on the plane to give a demo. Otherwise, all of the tales I've heard of the development of BASIC involved a mainframe. Hand coded assembly was certainly conceivable, given that terminals weren't exactly everywhere back in the day, but even a basic assembler does more than the straight translation of instructions into opcodes.
that's only because it is 157 images (one per page).
if it were text it would have been a more reasonably size, albeit still much larger than the actual source.
however, the PDF also adds nostalgia and more information than the source alone. whether that's a good tradeoff I'll leave up to the reader, but clearly Bill Gates thinks it is more interesting to post this than point to GitHub repo. I would agree.
One of the things I'm often curious about is how various BASIC interpreters organize memory for string storage. You'd think there's some way to reclaim memory after an expression involving intermediate strings is finished. But you don't see descriptions for how BASIC works in this regard.
Credit should be given to Digital Equipment Corporation. Back then software isn't what companies made money on, it is hardware. Source code wasn't guarded as a secret as it is today, and you could find print outs in the dumpster [1]. Bill Gates and Paul Allen found the source code of DEC Basic [2] and ported it. (Wikipedia says Microsoft Basic was "inspired by" DEC's PDP-10 BASIC-PLUS.)
[1] https://www.businessinsider.com/10-things-you-didnt-know-abo...
[2] https://www.theregister.com/software/2000/06/29/bill-gates-r...
The Microsoft BASIC syntax is certainly inspired by DEC BASIC, but the actual implementation is completely different. DEC BASIC compiles the program source code into bytecode, while Microsoft BASIC tokenizes each line as it's entered and then interprets the tokens at runtime. You have to remember that minicomputers had vastly different capabilities from 8-bit microcomputers. Even if Gates did look at the code for DEC BASIC, there's not much there he could have used.
From [2]:
> Gates said: "I'd skip out on athletics and go down to this computer center. We were moving ahead very rapidly: Basic, FORTRAN, LISP, PDP-10 machine language, digging out the operating system listings from the trash and studying those."
Is there more context clarifying this means they studied the source code of DEC Basic?
In this [1] interview Gates says that he and his group got DEC BASIC source code and enhanced it.
[1] https://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/gates.htm
"The BASIC they did which we got ahold of the BASIC source code and enhanced t quite a bit was great."
Thanks! I think this is still talking about his high school volunteer hacking rather than the MS Basic era. (i.e. doesn't obviously support your "ported it".)
They got the source code of DEC Basic, studied it, "enhanced quite a bit" then wrote their own Basic which is similar to DEC Basic, and you don't think it is a derivative? Ok. It is a derivative in my book.
Here is the 6502 assembly source code for Microsoft Basic:
https://github.com/microsoft/BASIC-M6502
These two guys* were crazy productive in the 2 months they worked. Just the level of commenting shows how much thought they were able to give it during that span.
* plus the math package guy
I always thought that the floating point routines were the big feature that made Microsoft BASIC a thing (compared with both Radio Shack and Apple integer BASIC). It's interesting reading about Monte Davidoff and also that Gates knew they needed a specialist for this.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Davidoff
Me too. The 4K basic was quite limited in other functionalities (in order to fit into the memory). But that floating point module made it very competitive, although also made the execution slower. IMO Monte Davidoff is underappreciated.
I checked the documentation and looks like even the 4K version supports single precision floating point numbers (32-bit). Not sure how they managed to do it in 8-bit machines but I guess they just had to use more registers/memory for each of them.
2 months to write a working BASIC from scratch in the shared computer environment seems highly unlikely. I think more time would be required and having some source to inspire and guide the design would be a big advantage.
Does the code work?
I.e., has anyone OCR'd the listing and fed it into an emulator yet?
"FILE WILL BE DELETED AFTER PRINTING"
hah I've never seen that before but reminds me to roguelike games.
"permadeath coding" would be actually fun. IF compiler error THEN erase code repository or something like this
Kent Beck called this “test && commit || revert” in 2018, and credits Oddmund Strømme for the idea: <https://medium.com/@kentbeck_7670/test-commit-revert-870bbd7...>
Or, just buy the source for a dollar and bury it:
https://www.folklore.org/MacBasic.html
The source code (and original assets) to many video games from as late as the 90s has been lost. The publishing company often deleted it after the game shipped, thinking it just took up space. This is one reason why, for example, there hasn't been a substantive remaster of Final Fantasy VII.
Also, it sounds like you described Vigil: https://github.com/munificent/vigil
The publishing company often deleted it after the game shipped, thinking it just took up space.
Floppy disks were not cheap, expensive, easy to get, or reliable. It sucked.
Even on the U.S. east coast, I remember having to travel over an hour to get to the nearest store that sold floppy disks. Each BASF FlexyDisk cost $18 in 2026 money. So $50 if you wanted redundant long-term storage of one program.
That's why we printed everything out all the time; especially for archive storage.
…which also turned out to be a bad idea. Just in a different way.
I'd guess that any of these media is sketchy for long-term archival storage.
I've got probably 30 5.25 floppies in my house, and I have a 5.25 drive and an old motherboard that can probably recognize that drive, and I've got the cables to connect the drive to the motherboad (and power supply). I'd guess that there's maybe a 20% chance that, if I spent a week trying to mash it all together I'd be able to get some data off of some of these floppies.
On other magnetic media the chances are between "haha, no" (oh, you've got an old 8 inch 10mb Bernoulli disk?) to 5% (oh, a QIC150 tape).
On the other hand, if I found a stack of moldy greenbar printout of some data, I'd say that most of the data can likely be recovered, and likely for not a tremendous amount of money.
Get a Greaseweazle and that floppy drive will work on any modern computer (macOS, Windows, Linux). I've been backing up floppies from a disorganized retro PC collection I bought, and almost all of them still work.
A company of any size wasn't archiving stuff on freaking floppies. In the 70s and 80s most video games were developed on big iron—PDPs or VAXen, usually, and data from those was archived on paper or mag tape. If you were renting (or stealing) time on one of these, as "Micro-Soft" was in its very early days, then printing stuff out may have been more economical. But major game studios of the day had resources and means of bulk archival that didn't involving buying a bunch of floppies at Lechmere.
You vastly overestimate the budget and abilities of most software houses of the day.
For every Atari or Epyx, there were many dozens of very significant publishers who did their work on consumer-grade hardware.
Except for Atari and less than a handful of others with previous income, none started with PDPs on hand. They had to work up to that.
It's not like today with everything consolidated and full of VC money. Bootstrapping your way to success was de regur, and the playing field was wide open to anyone with a home computer and a little talent.
Associated blog post from 2025:
Celebrate 50 years of Microsoft with the company's original Source code
https://www.gatesnotes.com/microsoft-original-source-code
(Discussion: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43575884)
Gates plays the long game. The man dodged multiple requests over decades to publish this og code that launched MS as a company (pretended he had misplaced the same or forgot to reply or something): only to perfectly time it for a jubilee release.
I imagine that was one of the happiest moments in his life (completing Altair BASIC).
I wonder were most of the comments added later? I guess they used pen and paper to write the ASM code and then enter it as machine code.
Why would anyone put themselves through that if they didn't have to? There is the tale of Allen hand coding the bootloader in machine code, but that was because he was on the plane to give a demo. Otherwise, all of the tales I've heard of the development of BASIC involved a mainframe. Hand coded assembly was certainly conceivable, given that terminals weren't exactly everywhere back in the day, but even a basic assembler does more than the straight translation of instructions into opcodes.
And all of it within ~4 Kbytes too!
And the PDF is about 100MB.
that's only because it is 157 images (one per page). if it were text it would have been a more reasonably size, albeit still much larger than the actual source.
however, the PDF also adds nostalgia and more information than the source alone. whether that's a good tradeoff I'll leave up to the reader, but clearly Bill Gates thinks it is more interesting to post this than point to GitHub repo. I would agree.